Essay about Use of Multiple Stretegies to Teach Literacy

Literacy is the term used when talking about the ability to read and write. It leads to success in K-12 school, post-secondary school, the ability to compete in the job market, and participation in democratic process (Wei, Blackorby, Schiller, 2011). Teaching young children how to read and write however is a very complex process that requires a teacher to employ a myriad of strategies to help students. When a teacher takes into consideration all the different abilities in a classroom having multiple strategies that help all students become proficient in speaking and listening, reading, and writing, is essential. Speaking and Listening One of the most often over looked yet essential part of literacy development is developing a child’s†¦show more content†¦Using hand movements to the rhymes, like Itsy Bitsy Spider, gives children the kinesthetic reminder of what comes next but also allows students who might be nonverbal to participate in the rhyme activity. Reading The ultimate goal for any reader should be to understand the text. While a student might be able to correctly decode a sentence if he or she did not comprehend what was read the student’s literacy skill did not increase. It would be hard for a student to fully enjoy a book if he or she didn’t understand what was being read. A strategy that good readers use, and one that teachers should model for students, is making connections with the text. There are three types of connections, text-to-self, text-to-text, and text-to-world. As the teacher reads a story he or she should stop periodically to make connections between what is written and his or her own personal experience (text-to-self), other books (text-to-text), or things that are happening in the world (text-to-world). As students make these types of connections it helps further his or her understanding of the text. (LaRocque Darling, 2008) While teachers might be able to make even small connections with anything he or she reads, younger readers often have a more difficult time because of lack of experiences and practice making connections. A teacher can help students make connections by asking questions before reading the book, ‘what is something that has made you really sad?’ Getting

A Research Study On The Foster Care - 2167 Words

Abstract This research study will examine whether or not the foster care age out transition process, including the availability of specific education programs (i.e. banking, home building and economics, college prep) as well as the availability of resources provided to foster children prior to â€Å"aging out† of the foster care system, has a direct impact on a perceived â€Å"successful† or â€Å"non-successful† transition to independent living. This research will gather information from three specific groups of people; current licensed foster parents, foster care social workers and former foster children that have aged-out of the foster care system within the last two years. This study will be utilizing the nonprobability method of purposive sampling as all research participants will be selected on the basis of their participation with the foster care system in three different specific roles. This research will study the perceptions of whether or not there are adequate programs designed and utilized for the purpose of successful transition. This information will be gathered by three separate questionnaires specifically designed to address each role of the foster care study. The information will be utilized for the intent of evaluating the age-out process of foster care for minors transitioning into adults. â€Å"I believe the best service to the child is the service closest to the child, and children who are victims of neglect, abuse, or abandonment must not also be victims ofShow MoreRelatedChild Maltreatment And The Child Welfare System Essay1558 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Foster care is defined as an out of home placement outside of the biological family. Individuals are placed in foster care due to some form of child maltreatment, rather it be sexual abuse, neglect, and/or physical abuse. 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While these specific experiments did not include children, it does bring up an important conversationRead MoreM3 Research Design Critique Report1596 Words   |  7 PagesM3 Research Design Critique Report A correlational research design would be useful when studying the relationship of mentoring students in a reading class and the achievement on their Aims-web reading comprehension and fluency scores. The correlational design would be useful to determine to what degree if any exists. In a correlations study there can be a relationship between two or more variables. This type of research uses a correlation coefficient to explain relationships or show a lack ofRead MoreRole Of The Foster Parent On The Continuum Of Carer And Parent Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesRole of the Foster Parent One of the most significant studies found in the literature was a qualitative study conducted by Schofiell, Beek, Ward, and Biggart on the role of the foster parent (2013). The purpose of the study was to understand the boundaries of the role of the foster parent on the continuum of carer and parent (Schofield, Beek, Ward, Biggart, 2013). The study was a portion of a larger study on permanency in foster care (Schofield, Beek, Ward, Biggart, 2013). Schofiell, Beek,Read MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of The Foster Care Youth Essay1038 Words   |  5 Pageshealth needs are among the most challenging problem facing foster care youth today (Mckay, Lynn Bannnon, 2005) . Children in care are more likely to have been exposed to multiple forms of traumatic experiences, such as physical or sexual abuse, neglect, family and/or community violence, trafficking or commercial sexual exploitation, or sexual abuse, bullying, or loss of loved ones. 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In 2001 it was estimated that nearly 542,000 children were in foster care in the United States and that the number of children in foster care exceeded the number of available foster homes by nearly 30-40% (Carlson, Egeland LawrenceRead MoreLanguage Acquisition With Limited Input : Romanian Institution And Foster Care1121 Words   |  5 PagesJournal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research an articled titled â€Å"Language Acquisition with Limited Input: Romanian Institution and Foster Care†. From the Abstract, the purpose of the article is to give detailed information on the development of language abilities on children who have been â€Å"institutionalized† (2007, p. 1365). Their participants were grouped into three categories: children growing up in an orphanage, children growing up in foster care (only for one year), and their control groupRead MoreA Deeper Look Into Child Welfare Services1039 Words   |  5 Pagesare programs designed to protect children. There are foster care, group homes, and other services for children safety. The Child Protective Services in Alabama has the sole purpose of helping children in cases of neglect and abuse (Child Protective Services). These services include foster care programs where children who are at risk of harm from birth family, or who suffers from mental, emotional, or physical issues. These services provide care to all children who meet the state qualifications and

Cross Culture Management Negotiation Capabilities

Question: Discuss about the Cross Culture Management for Negotiation Capabilities. Answer: Introduction: Reflection on case studies of negotiation simulations from week 9 to 11 depict several insights into the personal capabilities and pitfalls which could be capitalized upon to derive plausible communication skills, efficient conflict resolution and promising intercultural negotiations. Distinct simulations were characterized by the use of communication, negotiation and cultural theories for deriving the desired outcomes. Therefore, in this part of the reflective journal I would illustrate the missing ideal concepts which could have modified the outcomes of the negotiation simulations (Ang, Van Dyne, 2015). The reflection would also provide a cognizable impression of the setbacks in the negotiation process which could be catered in the future to deliver feasible outcomes. Negotiation is associated with communication and has been used in the context of business to solve dilemmas which are detrimental for two or more business organizations or parties. It has been observed in the simulations that intercultural business communication plays a vital role. The sale of the old used car by a local dealer in Newcastle to a Japanese student requires intercultural business communication. Therefore, the scope for universalistic approach in business communication relevant to the specified negotiation scenario suggests the integration of novel aspects in business communication alongside considering the significance of cultural diversity. I was able to observe that some of the simulations were characterized with the universalistic approach which resulted in apprehensions on behalf of either party. This could be perceived as a formidable weakness in my personal capabilities to negotiate. Thereafter the reflection on the development of an interactive phenomenon for communication allows the use of systemic and dynamic perspective in distinct simulations (Bian, Forsythe, 2012). The consideration of cultural definitions of communication enables me to apprehend the basis of intercultural communication and hence I could be able to realize strength in the communication process. From the perspective of communication, I realized majority of weaknesses and strengths upon understanding the model of communication. The model of communication indicated my strengths as the knowledge of the context in which the negotiation is conducted. On the other hand, my lack of experience in professional and individual contexts reflected on my weaknesses in negotiation (Bird, Mendenhall, 2016). Reviewing my negotiation capabilities with respect to culture was possible with the help of references to Halls high and low context theory which depicts the characteristic perception of communication in different cultures as well as the role of proxemics. The integration of cultural contexts in communication is also noted profoundly in the simulation role play. I was able to find that the preferences for low context communication serve as prominent setbacks for my personal capabilities in negotiation. Observation of the simulation for car negotiation conveys that use of low context communication as preferred by the local car dealer for negotiating with a Japanese student belonging to a high context culture accounts for a weakness. Theories indicate that differences between high context and low context cultures indicate are characterized by the formers preferences for development of social trust, agreements on the basis of trust and ritualistic negotiations (Budhwar, Debrah, 2013). On the contrary, low context cultures follow direct approach to business in negotiations which emphasize on performance and expertise. Furthermore, low context cultures are reliant on efficient negotiations along with focus on legal contracts. The formality factor in case of high context cultures is also higher than that of low context cultures and therefore the former are reliant on development of relationships according to high status and new relationships. On the other hand, I was also able to apprehend personal strengths in realizing proxemics as well as avoiding non verbal mishaps effectively in the negotiation simulations. Non verbal mishaps are considered as the major reason of fallout of specific parties in a negotiation due to culturally specific perception of gestures and body language. The approach implemented for verbal communication accounted for use of an interpreter as well as international English as a mode of communication which provides scope for my personal strength in international English. The simulations also indicated that I was able to refrain from any unwanted facial expressions which could affect the outcome of the negotiations (Cankaya, LeFevre, 2016). Thereafter, conversational styles implemented by me were characterized with listening which enabled the other party to understand that I was interested in the communication and thus social trust could obtain specific impetus from this personal strength of mine. Following the references to cultural and communication theories, I was also required to emphasize on the ideal practices cited for negotiation in theory in order to apprehend weaknesses and strengths. The individual stages of negotiation depict the requirements from an expert negotiator which include systems orientation, abundance of informati on, honesty, superior listening skills and maturity. I was able to identify personal traits in context of the indicators of negotiation including time horizon, concern for common objectives, alternative packages preferred and limitations. My agenda for negotiation involved packaging which means that the negotiation would offer benefits to either parties one time in bulk. The emphasis laid by me on the common interests of negotiating parties was strong and my limitations were fixed on goals of the negotiation (Chen, 2013). The different packages suggested for the negotiation in the negotiation process also accounts for strength in personal traits. Therefore, I was able to comprehend certain necessary advantages and setbacks in personal negotiating styles in context of culture, communication and negotiation theories. Suggestions for improvement largely include acquisition of information on various cultures, developing awareness for cultural diversity and demarcate cultural contexts for application in negotiation processes (Chhokar, Brodbeck, House, 2013). The negotiation simulation in week 12 also accounts for illustration of major outcomes specifically referring to the strategies followed for effective realization of negotiation processes. The necessary processes which are required for negotiation primarily include identification of objectives and strategies as well as reasonable approaches to negotiation strategies. The reflection will also cite the distinct stages of the planning process followed in the simulation, thereby indicating the validity of application of strategy in the process. Determination of objectives prior to the negotiation process is a formidable characteristic of a potentially beneficial negotiation process. The objectives are perceived to be a major influence on the strategy of the negotiator which can be observed in the form of direct and indirect effects. First of all, the indirect effects account for development and strengthening of a present relationship. Direct effects include specificity of goals, association of goals of both parties and limitations on the objectives (Joint, 2014). Reviewing the simulation also presents a lucid impression of the difference between strategy, planning and tactics. Tactics are short term initiatives which are generally derived from specific scenarios and they are implemented for the pursuit of broad strategies. I was able to understand that the measures which were defined during the course of the negotiation did not account either for planning or strategy and were tactics which were used in context of the strategy. Strategy is considered as the broad approach implemented for accomplishment of goals (Matsumoto, Hwang, 2013). Strategy has been classified into two categories such as unilateral and bilateral in which the former is characterized by the singular emphasis on personal interests while the latter emphasizes on the influence of others strategy on own interests and objectives. I need to emphasize on the strategy development on a generic basis reflecting on personal characteristics and objectives as well as that of the other party. The effective model which could be used for identifying strategic options reflect on the dual concerns model which recognizes personal stakes as well as the present and future approaches to relationship with other party as the outcomes of the negotiation. Analysis of available strategic option for negotiation alongside the implications of substantial and relative negotiation outcomes in the reflection enabled me to identify the distinct modes of engagement and non engagement. The strategies include four categories such as competition, collaboration, accommodation and avoidance. Avoidance is realized in case the strategy of either party does not lead to promising outcomes (Minkov, Hofstede, 2012). Therefore, my final apprehension in the reflection on simulation exercise in week 12 conveys the distinct steps of ideal negotiation process and the limitations noticed in actual practice. The distinct stages of the negotiation process included preparation, forming relationships, collection of information, utilization of information, offering bids and closing of deals. Finally the agreement reached upon by both parties has to be implemented effectively (Mok, Sparks, Kadampully, 2013). My reflection of the simulation activity suggests limited preparation related to the objectives and strategy of NIDO Petroleum/Gas and JGC Philippines. The construction contract between the companies involved in the negotiation also indicate that the flat fee alongside percentage profit could be beneficial for contractor i.e. JGC while the NIDO Petroleum Limited company presents substantial objections to the percentage due to ambiguity over specifying the profit percentage. Furthermore, implications of the disparities between effective and ineffective strategies perceived in the simulations of week 9 to 11 convey that use of dual concerns model for determination of mutual interests of both parties helps in limiting the insufficiencies in strategic negotiation processes. The use of tactics to resolve the dilemmas during negotiation over contract fee and percentage of profits accounts for effectiveness over the measures followed in simulations during week 9 to11. The reflection on the different simulation sessions also provides a viable impression of ethical issues which are associated with negotiation and the relevant measures which can resolve them. Ethics are considered as widely accepted precedents in the society which define right and wrong actions in specific scenarios. The utilization of ethics as noticed on an overall basis predict the inclusion of a potential understanding of the moral precedent established in an organization, definition of the problem followed by determination of economic outcomes and legal requirements. This process has to be complemented with the inclusion of comprehensive evaluation of ethical duties resulting in proposals for convincing solutions on moral grounds. Ethical issues arising in negotiation are primarily due to use of deceptive tactics and concerned motives for unethical practices (Rao Vajjhala, David Strang, 2014). The motives for unethical conduct include power as well as perception of competitiveness of strategies of the other party. However, negotiators should be aptly aware of the consequences which can be derived from unethical conduct. The consequences are primarily dependent on the context of effectiveness and the reactions of self as well as other entities such as audience. The causes for unethical conduct are also validated on several grounds by practitioners of unethical measures such as harmlessness or compulsion to implement the measure, limitation of negative consequences, and appropriateness of the measure for the situation and initiation of unethical behavior by the other party (Romani, Claes, 2014). Therefore, my reflection of the simulation indicates that negotiators could adopt measures such as inquiries through probing questions and presenting questions in distinct manner, references to the tactic implemented by the other party unethically as well as some choose to respond k indly in order to obtain favorable ethical behavior from the other party. This section of the reflective journal represents a negotiation planning process used for the negotiation simulation in Week 12. Furthermore, the specific references to negotiation roles, responsibilities, strategies and tactics used in the negotiation process (Thomas, Peterson, 2014). Role: I assumed the role of key negotiator in the simulation representing JGC Philippines. Responsibilities: I was responsible for analyzing information related to the other party NIDO Petroleum Limited alongside preparing a viable planning process in order to execute the negotiation. Strategy and tactics: I followed a dual concern model for identification of concerns on behalf of both parties suggestively indicating towards the contracts outcomes such as contract fee, percentage of fee and penalties associated with the contract. My strategy was characterized by emphasis on realization of the collaboration model of negotiation. The tactics implemented by me during the negotiation included review of the past records of association between the two enterprises which enabled to identify common areas of interest such as review of state legislations. My planning process was characterized with the illustrated description of the distinct issues to be addressed in the negotiation process. Thereafter I was able to apprehend the issues on a cumulative basis depicting the bargaining mix. The bargaining mix included the definitions for benefits for either party in the negotiation. References Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. (2015).Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Bian, Q., Forsythe, S. (2012). Purchase intention for luxury brands: A cross cultural comparison.Journal of Business Research,65(10), 1443-1451. Bird, A., Mendenhall, M. E. (2016). From cross-cultural management to global leadership: Evolution and adaptation.Journal of World Business,51(1), 115-126. Budhwar, P. S., Debrah, Y. A. (Eds.). (2013).Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge. Cankaya, O., LeFevre, J. A. (2016). The Home Numeracy Environment: What Do Cross-Cultural Comparisons Tell Us About How to Scaffold Young Childrens Mathematical Skills?. InEarly Childhood Mathematics Skill Development in the Home Environment(pp. 87-104). Springer International Publishing. Chen, G. (2013). Research on Cross-Culture Management Framework of Multinational Firms: A Case Study.Communications in Information Science and Management Engineering,3(3), 161. Chhokar, J. S., Brodbeck, F. C., House, R. J. (Eds.). (2013).Culture and leadership across the world: The GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies. Routledge. Joint, F. (2014). Cross Cultural Management. Matsumoto, D., Hwang, H. C. (2013). Assessing cross-cultural competence: A review of available tests.Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 0022022113492891. Minkov, M., Hofstede, G. (2012).Cross-cultural analysis: the science and art of comparing the world's modern societies and their cultures. Sage. Mok, C., Sparks, B., Kadampully, J. (2013).Service quality management in hospitality, tourism, and leisure. Routledge. Rao Vajjhala, N., David Strang, K. (2014). Collaboration strategies for a transition economy: Measuring culture in Albania.Cross Cultural Management,21(1), 78-103. Romani, L., Claes, M. T. (2014). International Journal of Cross Cultural.Cross Cultural Management,14(1), 127-132. Thomas, D. C., Peterson, M. F. (2014).Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications. Vogel, R. M., Mitchell, M. S., Tepper, B. J., Restubog, S. L., Hu, C., Hua, W., Huang, J. C. (2015). A cross?cultural examination of subordinates' perceptions of and reactions to abusive supervision.Journal of Organizational Behavior,36(5), 720-745. Zhu, Y., Bargiela-Chiappini, F. (2013). Balancing emic and etic: Situated learning and ethnography of communication in cross-cultural management education.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), 380-395.

Hopi Pottery Essays - Hopi People, Nampeyo, Tewa, Puebloan Peoples

Hopi Pottery Hopi Pottery is a historic art that has been passed down through many generations. The Hopi Indians have lived in the same area of the Southwest (present day Arizona) even before the time of Columbus. The prehistoric ancestors of the Hopi Indians were the Anasazi Indians. The Hopi Indians lived on desert land at the foot of the mesas. Hopi women made beautiful clay bowls, baskets, and jewelry. The art of pottery making came to these early Pueblo Indians by Meso-American Indians around 700A.D. Between this time and 1400 A.D., grey utilitarian ware was being produced for everyday needs which eventually evolved into a more colorful and decorative style of pottery. The 14th century became an extremely active period for the Hopi potters. New clays and firing techniques were employed transforming soft textured pots into harder, smoother and denser ones. The materials and techniques evolving during that time period resulted in a new form of pottery called sikyatki polychrome. This style, which involves painting directly on the polished body of the pot itself, continued until the late 1700's. Nevertheless, because of wars with the Spanish and other minor tribal disputes with the Navajo and Apache, Hopi pottery production almost completely vanished around 1800. However, in 1860, a woman named Nampeyo revived pottery making. She was considered to be responsible for the renaissance in Hopi pottery. Nampeyo single-handedly revived the art of pottery making by exclusively using the polychrome technique. Moreover, by the late 1800's, as the railroad was introduced to Arizona, it brought numerous traders who sought to fill the demands of an enlarging tourist market. Therefore, Nampeyo's pottery was highly prized and other Hopis, inspired by her, began fashioning their own work using similar techniques. The technique the Hopis use in order to build their pots is a simple, yet a very complicated process. This method's called the coiling method. The first step is to choose the clay to make the pot. The Hopis choose the clay by tasting it, and they favor sweet clay over bitter clay because of its excellent quality. Then, the clay is taken little by little and rolled into a sausage. The sausage is stacked up on to the skeleton to form a new layer, also blending with the previous layer. This process is repeated several types until it forms a shape desired by the potter. After the potter has formed the shape, the surface of the pot is sanded and highly polished. Next, after this, the pot is fired. Pottery roasting/firing is done outdoors. A fire is built to warm the area, and on top of this hot ash a metal sheet or grate is set. On this metal crate pottery is placed and shielded with smaller broken pieces of pottery, then a wall of sheep dung is built around this and fired. This process m ay take up to four hours to complete and is also the most crucial part in the pottery making process because the pots are very breakable and fragile at this stage. After the pottery has been carefully fired, it is then painted and decorated. The pottery is painted with native vegetations and minerals. The majority of the pottery is painted with natural dark paint, processed from a weed called Ausa. There are other several colors of pottery, beige or tan color, some white, and some red color is used by a few potters. The designs and symbols vary from one artist to the other. Designs are usually of eagles, parrots, roadrunners, migration patterns, eagle tail, pueblo style villages, rain & rain clouds, lighting, water waves and other life germinating symbols such as corn. The symbols are designed in order to represent various things within the Hopi community. Moreover, the usage of color also symbolizes and represents something. Hopi pottery is essential in continuing the traditions and ways of life of the Hopi Indians. The tradition of pottery making has been passed down to many generations. The ancient potters passed their skills on to succeeding generations, many of whom are Hopi potters today. Therefore, Hopi pottery plays a crucial role in continuing cultures and traditions of the Hopi Indians. Arts and Painting

Strategic Petroleum Reserve Essays

Strategic Petroleum Reserve Essays Strategic Petroleum Reserve Essay Strategic Petroleum Reserve Essay For over a period of 60 years and above some of the technical organizations, government agencies, and regulatory bodies have introduced the nomenclature for the definition of the reserves in petroleum. The organizations later gained acceptance, and they became the standards for the reserves classification across more industries. The definitions of reserves in petroleum will be discussed with relevant to different agencies since they will have an impact on the industry, affecting changes that would bring about the industries acceptance. United States Petroleum Reserves According to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 1978 agency, the reserves are defined according to the intended purpose which according to the agency is reporting securities. The other parameter used is a qualitative description which is commercially recoverable (Parshall, 2009). It makes no proved reserves that are below the lowest known hydrocarbon as it makes positive revisions should the performance history indicates the need for more. They are usually limited to directly offsetting the DSU. The reservoirs are supported by seismic wire line that conveys sampling, logs, and cores. Its classification to enhance recovery exists in the poorer analogous quality reservoir (Parshall, 2009). It contains both the developed and undeveloped reserves where the reserves are obtained through the wells that exist. The additional gas and oil are supposed to be fetched by the injection of fluid or other recovery techniques. An increased recovery is set so as to notify when the pilot project is done, and the program is allowed in the context of increase in production. The agency considers the reserves that are recovered from wells that are new on the undrilled acreage to be a significant expenditure for completion (Harrell Gardner, 2005). The estimates of the reserves can be done using the deterministic methodologies. To them, treatment of unconventional hydrocarbons includes the conventional hydrocarbons. The mined bitumen is also a mining reserve and not a petroleum reserve. Reserves should have limits to quantities and are expected to be produced during concessions and leases. The assumption to carry out a renewal should only be made if the registrant has a history demonstration of getting them. According to SPE/WPC Reserve Definitions : 1997 the definition of the reserves with the economic conditions that were current at that time (Harrell Gardner, 2005). The agency allowed coal bed methane to be classified as proved reserve if the recovery was to be economical. Their definitions were to be used for the determination of quantities of oil and gas reserves. The agency believes that there should be probabilistic analyses, and the disclosed quantities should be defined in the deterministic data. For the agency reserves served a general application and not a country specific. It reasonably curtailed to a commercially recoverable since its qualitative description was not proven. Petroleum Reserves in United States There seemed to be no proven reserves that were below the lowest known hydrocarbon. Reserves were to be obtained from the wells similar to the ones behind the pipe. They were to be improved from intervals that were estimated since the improved recuperation reserves are considered developed as the enhanced project becomes operational (Harrell Gardner, 2005). The reserves that are not produced rather they can be taken from the different reservoir or where a significant expenditure is required so that installation of a well or transportation can occur, additional drilling, deepening existing wells. The reserves approximation is being prepared using the deterministic or probabilistic methods. The proved reserves are based on the existing economic conditions while the unproven are based on the price and cost forecast. About the United States Geological Survey (USGS), 1980, the definition of reserves of petroleum lies on various factors. The agency is responsible for the assessment of the US and world resources like petroleum (Greene, 2003). The agency states that the resources include reserves and all the accumulation that can eventually be available with those that are not recoverable under the economic situations. The identified resources are however considered to have a specific geologic timeline and information. The classification is done depending on the feasibility of the recovery made by the economy and also due to the marginally economic and sub-economic. Marginal reserves are considered to be a part of the reserve base which on the borders of being economically producible and a perfect time for determination, it can give essential characteristic to the economic uncertainty (Greene, 2003). Uncertainty is only registered because of the discovered and undiscovered potential of recoverable resources. Resources that are discoverable are classified according to either being inferred, measured or being indicated. How Much Oil Reserves does the US Have The estimates made of the total crude gas, natural gas liquids and natural gas to be recovered in the reservoirs and also the field to increase the development and production also increases. As a result, the additions will be commonly the reserves (Greene, 2003). The growth of a reserve is the part of the resource that is identified over and above all the measured reserves that are estimated to be added to the existing fields and also in the defined time frame that was defined. The growth of the reserves occurs due to the delineation of hydrocarbons, new reservoirs, improved recovery, and recalculations. The agency had classified the reserves according to three types of technically recoverable resources which are the oil and natural gasses from the untested cells of continuous accumulations, undiscovered conventional accumulations and natural gas and potential future additional reserves. According to Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD), 2001, reserves in petroleum does not depend on the definitions made of commercial or sub-commercial factors, but it depends on the status of the categories although no regard for decisions was made. Contingent resources are considered as the resources of petroleum that have been discovered without any decisions being made (Denney, 2007). The reserves with license include the projects that are yet to be approved by the authorities or the plan that need to be granted exemption after that. The differentiation from the contingent resources depends on the approval of the internal committee so that the development can be continued. The government gives approval of the plan development occasion that aligns the interest and the way that development takes place. The primary principle that is used in the definition system of NPD is that the original recoverable resources can be found in the field or discovery according to their position in the development chain and up to the identification stage until the completion of production (Denney, 2007). The NPD reflects the current understanding of the extension, the characteristic of the recovery made and the estimation of the stochastic method. It uses the quantification of probabilistic just like the SPE. There is no precision in consideration of the economic and the technical criteria that define the reserves. The U.K. Statement of Recommended Practices (SORP), 2001 approaches the definition of reserves in providing recommended evaluation practices. The reserves can be disclosed at the choice of the company according to this agency. The developed and undeveloped oil and gas reserves are mutually exclusive (Odo, Ani, Obialor, Ugwunta, 2016). It concentrates however on the fact that the quantity of the recoverable reserves will be more than the amount estimated as proven should be 50% (Odo, Ani, Obialor, Ugwunta, 2016). Reserves can be considered to be either proven or probable if the producibility is supported by the actual production or the conclusive formation test.

Financial Modelling Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Financial Modelling Report - Essay Example Owing to the strong impact that 2008 financial crisis caused in the financial markets especially by exacerbating market volatility; this project will also compare the variable relationships before the crisis and after the crisis with the aim of finding out whether the crisis had caused any significant changes in the stock market dynamics. The analysis will primarily involve generation of line graphs, scatter plots, relationship tables, and use of regression analysis to compare the relationship between various variables. Analysis of regression statistics and scatter plots will be generated by SPSS while charts will be generated by Microsoft excel worksheets. The output generated from SPSS will be synthesized and presented in tables in a manner that is easy to read and understand. The dependent variable will be the return and the independent variables will include size of firm, book-to-market ratio, beta and three geographical regions including America, Asia and Europe. The three variables will be presented as dummy variables to enable multi-regression analysis. Consequently, number 1 will be assigned to the region that the sample has been obtained; and 0 will be assigned to the other regions that the sample has not been obtained. Beta is used in CAPM to measure systematic risk or volatility of a particular security relative to the market as a whole (Zhang, Shu and Brenner, 2010). Therefore, the securities with higher beta have more risk than the market and many investors would not want to invest in them. However, it is widely accepted that the securities that have high return will also have a high risk. As such, from the figure 1 and 2 below, the beta is directly proportional to the stock return, meaning that as the beta increases, the return on stocks will also increase and vice versa. The essence of a higher return in the stocks with a higher beta is to compensate the investors for the higher risk they are

Social Networking Sites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social Networking Sites - Essay Example Some people disagree, arguing that individuals should not use social networking sites as a forum of airing their opinions as these sites are not safe and have landed people in legal and personal problems. While these arguments are valid, people’s convictions should not be suppressed as voicing them out has created awareness on political subjects, thus revolutionizing politics. Social networking sites have been criticized as being ineffective in conducting political change as political activists form or join like-minded groups. They do not foster any action. Critics have also added that people join advocacy groups in sites like Facebook and ignore every message these groups send to them (Delany). However, these like-minded groups have taken things a step further. Levi Russell, a communications director of the Tea Party Express, said, â€Å"Facebook allows us to promote and organize events in a whole new way [...] it is one of the most targeted and flexible tools we use. Our su pporters are able to really take ownership of events in their area by sharing, discussing and inviting their friends in a very visual and tangible format (Unze o3a).† Furthermore, through social networking sites, protests have been arranged that have led parliaments to be dissolved and dictatorial leaderships to step down. One of the cyber organizers of the recent Egyptian protest, Wael Ghonim, said, â€Å"I am talking on behalf of Egypt [...] this revolution started online [...] this revolution started on Facebook (Smith).† Wael Ghonim demonstrated how instrumental social networking sites are in transforming politics. It has also been claimed that the state has a powerful means of monitoring or interdicting the tools on social networking sites, rendering them inactive as a tool of change in the political scenery and as such strengthening authoritarian regimes. These authoritarian regimes, apart from scrutinizing social networking sites, have also had them shut down (Sh irky 28-41). Notwithstanding, this does not stop individuals from stating their opinions about pertinent issues with their leadership. In fact, by the government shutting down these websites, the end effect achieved is that everyone is alerted to what is going on in the state, causing the news to spread faster. Also, internet shutdown allows people to be creative and use social networking sites to send coded messages, therefore still creating political awareness and enforcing political change in the long run (Feith 5). Furthermore, social networking sites like Twitter have an open API that allows other web service providers to insert a stream of tweets. This makes Twitter versatile even when there is an internet shutdown. For example, in Iran after the government shut down all internet sources people were still able to access Twitter. One tweet read â€Å"all internet & mobile networks are cut. We ask everyone in Tehran to go onto their rooftops and shout alaho akbar in protest #Ir an Election (Suvillan).† This characteristic of Twitter has ensured continued expression of political opinions. Many have argued that social networking sites have led to individuals being maimed, killed or even imprisoned by dictatorial governments for expressing their opinion (Leynne). However, without sacrificial lambs that are willing to voice their opinions, politics would be nonexistent. In fact, states that embrace freedom of speech were first formed by people speaking out. The opposition also argues that social networking sites have led people to be sued by posting defamatory and indecent messages on their status updates. Therefore, these social